AP Self Quiz Chapter 20: Biotech

Name:

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Assume that you are trying to insert a gene into a plasmid. Someone gives you a preparation of genomic DNA that has been cut with restriction enzyme X. The gene you wish to insert has sites on both ends for cutting by restriction enzyme Y. You have a plasmid with a single site for Y, but not for X. Your strategy should be to

a.	insert the fragments cut with X directly into the plasmid without cutting the plasmid.
b.	cut the plasmid with restriction enzyme X and insert the fragments cut with Y into the plasmid.
c.	cut the DNA again with restriction enzyme Y and insert these fragments into the plasmid cut with the same enzyme.
d.	cut the plasmid twice with restriction enzyme Y and ligate the two fragments onto the ends of the DNA fragments cut with restriction enzyme X.
e.	cut the plasmid with enzyme X and then insert the gene into the plasmid.

What are the typical characteristics of a cloning vector?

a.	Bacterial cells cannot survive without it when grown under certain conditions.
b.	It contains restriction sites that allow the insertion of foreign DNA segments.
c.	It can replicate in bacterial cells.
d.	Only B and C are correct.
e.	A, B, and C are correct.

What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium?

I.	Transform bacteria with recombinant DNA molecule.
II.	Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes.
III.	Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells.
IV.	Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments.
V.	Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA.

a.	I, II, IV, III, V
b.	II, III, V, IV, I
c.	III, II, IV, V, I
d.	III, IV, V, I, II
e.	IV, V, I, II, III

Use the following information to answer the questions below.

A eukaryotic gene has "sticky ends" produced by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The gene is added to a mixture containing EcoRI and a bacterial plasmid that carries two genes conferring resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The plasmid has one recognition site for EcoRI located in the tetracycline resistance gene. This mixture is incubated for several hours, exposed to DNA ligase, and then added to bacteria growing in nutrient broth. The bacteria are allowed to grow overnight and are streaked on a plate using a technique that produces isolated colonies that are clones of the original. Samples of these colonies are then grown in four different media: nutrient broth plus ampicillin, nutrient broth plus tetracycline, nutrient broth plus ampicillin and tetracycline, and nutrient broth without antibiotics.

Bacteria that contain the plasmid, but without the eukaryotic gene, would grow

a.	in the nutrient broth plus ampicillin, but not in the broth containing tetracycline.
b.	only in the broth containing both antibiotics.
c.	in the broth containing tetracycline, but not in the broth containing ampicillin.
d.	in all four types of broth.
e.	in the nutrient broth without antibiotics only.

Bacteria containing a plasmid into which the eukaryotic gene has integrated would grow in

a.	the nutrient broth only.
b.	the nutrient broth and the tetracycline broth only.
c.	the nutrient broth, the ampicillin broth, and the tetracycline broth.
d.	all four types of broth.
e.	the ampicillin broth and the nutrient broth.

Yeast cells are frequently used as hosts for cloning because

a.	they are easy to grow.
b.	they can remove introns from mRNA.
c.	they have plasmids.
d.	both A and B
e.	A, B, and C

The DNA fragments making up a genomic library are generally contained in

a.	recombinant plasmids of bacteria.
b.	recombinant viral DNA.
c.	eukaryotic chromosomes.
d.	both A and B
e.	A, B, and C

The following questions refer to the techniques, tools, or substances listed below. Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

A. restriction enzymes

B. gene cloning

C. DNA ligase

D. gel electrophoresis

E. reverse transcriptase

____ produces multiple identical copies of a gene for basic research or for large-scale production of a gene product

a.	A
b.	B
c.	C
d.	D
e.	E

____ cuts DNA molecules at specific locations

a.	A
b.	B
c.	C
d.	D
e.	E

10.

Probes are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA segments that are used to identify DNA fragments with a particular sequence. In order to identify a specific restriction fragment using a probe, what must be done?

a.	The fragments must be separated by electrophoresis.
b.	The fragments must be treated with heat or chemicals to separate the strands of the double helix.
c.	The probe must be hybridized with the fragment.
d.	Only A and B are correct.
e.	A, B, and C are correct.

11.

Which of the following modifications is least likely to alter the rate at which a DNA fragment moves through a gel during electrophoresis?

a.	altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragment
b.	methylating the cytosine bases within the DNA fragment
c.	increasing the length of the DNA fragment
d.	decreasing the length of the DNA fragment
e.	neutralizing the negative charges within the DNA fragment

12.

DNA fragments from a gel are transferred to a nitrocellulose paper during the procedure called Southern blotting. The purpose of transferring the DNA from a gel to a nitrocellulose paper is to

a.	permanently attach the DNA fragments to a substrate.
b.	separate the two complementary DNA strands.
c.	transfer only the DNA that is of interest.
d.	prepare the DNA for digestion with restriction enzymes.
e.	separate out the PCRs.

13.

Which of the following is least related to the others?

a.	Southern blotting
b.	denaturation
c.	nucleic acid probe
d.	RNA interference
e.	nucleic acid hybridization

14.

After being digested with a restriction enzyme, genomic DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis. Specific fragments can then be identified through the use of a

a.	plasmid.
b.	restriction enzyme.
c.	sticky end.
d.	nucleic acid probe.
e.	RFLP.

15.

Which of the following types of genomes have been sequenced?

a.	fungal
b.	plant
c.	bacterial
d.	B and C only
e.	A, B, and C

16.

RFLPs played an important role in the Human Genome Project because they

a.	make bacterial cells grow faster, increasing the amount of cloned DNA that was available for sequencing.
b.	dramatically enhance the rate at which DNA can be sequenced.
c.	increase the amount of DNA that can be produced during PCR.
d.	do not vary between individuals, so they were used to produce a "universal" genome sequence representative of all humans.
e.	provided genetic markers scattered throughout the genome, allowing the construction of a genome-wide linkage map.

17.

The "shotgun" approach used by Craig Venter to sequence the human genome skipped which of the following steps that were used by the Human Genome Project?

a.	genetic mapping
b.	physical mapping
c.	DNA sequencing
d.	A and B only
e.	A, B, and C

18.

The completion of the Human Genome Project revealed that the human genome contains fewer genes than expected, not so many more than simpler organisms. How can this be reconciled with the greater complexity of humans relative to many other organisms?

a.	RNA transcripts of human genes are more likely to undergo alternative splicing.
b.	Post-translational processing adds diversity to the resulting polypeptides.
c.	Polypeptide domains are combined in a variety of ways.
d.	Gene expression patterns in humans are often more complex than those in other organisms.
e.	All of the above are correct.

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. The DNA profiles below represent four different individuals.

19.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the results?

a.	B is the child of A and C.
b.	C is the child of A and B.
c.	D is the child of B and C.
d.	A is the child of B and C.
e.	A is the child of C and D.

20.

The most powerful way of increasing the specificity of a DNA profile analysis is to

a.	select markers present on the sex chromosomes rather than on the autosomes.
b.	analyze each marker by PCR rather than RFLP analysis.
c.	increase the number of markers used.
d.	repeat the analysis multiple times.
e.	analyze DNA obtained from skin cells rather than blood cells.