1) Which of the following could cause a realized niche to differ from a fundamental niche? a b c d e A) food size and availability B) competition from other species C) suitable habitat D) temperature limitations E) water availability 2) Resource partitioning is best described by which of the following statements? a b c d e A) Competitive exclusion results in the success of the superior species. B) Species diversity is maintained by switching between prey species. C) Two species can coevolve and share the same realized niche. D) Slight variations in niche allow closely related species to coexist. E) A climax community is reached when no new niches are available. 3) An example of Batesian mimicry is a b c d e A) an insect that resembles a twig. B) a nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake. C) a snapping turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish. D) a butterfly that resembles a leaf. E) a fawn with fur coloring that camouflages it in the forest environment. 4) All of the following statements about communities are correct EXCEPT: a b c d e A) The distribution of almost all organisms is probably affected to some extent by both abiotic gradients and interactions with other species. B) Ecologists refer to species equitability as the number of species within a community. C) The trophic structure of a community describes the feeding relationships within a community. D) Some animal species distributions within a community are linked to other species. E) Many plant species in communities seem to be independently distributed. 5) The study of the past and present distribution of species is called a b c d e A) demography. B) biogeography. C) geographic ecology. D) conservation biology. E) population ecology. 6) An example of Mullerian mimicry is a b c d e A) two poisonous frogs that resemble one another in coloration. B) a beetle that resembles a scorpion. C) an insect that resembles a twig. D) a butterfly that resembles a leaf. E) a moth with spots that look like large eyes. The following questions refer to the biogeographical regions below. Each region may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. Ethiopian B. Nearctic C. Neotropical D. Oriental E. Palearctic 7) most of North America a b c d e 8) South America a b c d e The next questions refer to the following list of terms. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. parasitism B. mutualism C. inhibition D. facilitation E. commensalism 9) the relationship existing between ants and acacia trees a b c d e 10) successional event in which one organism makes the environment suitable for another organism a b c d e 11) Which of the following statements is most consistent with F. E. Clements' interactive hypothesis? a b c d e A) The composition of plant species seems to change on a continuum. B) Communities lack discrete geographic boundaries. C) The community functions as an integrated unit. D) Species are distributed independently of other species. E) The community is a chance assemblage of species. 12) All of the following describe possible results of competition EXCEPT a b c d e A) aposematic coloration. B) resource partitioning. C) extinction. D) character displacement. E) competitive exclusion. 13) Which animal has created the greatest disturbances and thus had the biggest impact on world ecosystems? a b c d e A) gypsy moth B) beaver C) goat D) human E) zebra mussel 14) Many insects from different taxa and in different geographic areas display characteristic black and red stripes. Which of the following is UNLIKELY to be related to this phenomenon? a b c d e A) mimicry B) aposematic coloration C) coevolution D) antipredator defense E) convergent evolution 15) Character displacement a b c d e A) commonly results in competitive exclusion. B) is most common among mutualistic symbionts. C) is more likely to occur in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species. D) All of the above are true. E) None of the above are true.